ENT

Direct laryngoscopy is a procedure in which the doctor uses a fiber-optic scope to see deeper into the throat than during indirect laryngoscopy. The laryngoscope is either flexible or rigid. Fiber-optic scopes provide better views and are better tolerated than older, rigid scopes. Laryngoscopy is used to examine and diagnose problems inside the throat. It is most often performed for the following reasons:

• • To diagnose the cause of a persistent cough, hoarseness, or bad breath

• • To visualize a mass in the throat or neck

• • To evaluate reasons for difficulty swallowing

• • To remove a foreign object

• • To diagnose suspected cancer

• • To evaluate a possible cause for persistent earache

Fess is a procedure wherein a thin rigid optical telescope, called an endoscope, is used through the nose to view the nasal cavity and sinuses. The procedure permits direct visualization of the maxillary, frontal, and sphenoid sinuses and diseased or obstructive tissue can be removed if necessary.

A laryngectomy is the partial or complete surgical removal of the voice box (larynx).

Mastoid air cells are open, air-containing spaces in the skull, behind the ear. A mastoidectomy is the surgical removal of these mastoid air cells.

The surgery used to be a common way to treat an infection in the mastoid air cells, which usually came from an ear infection that spread to the nearby bone in the skull. Mastoidectomy is now seldom needed, as the infections are commonly treated with antibiotics. However, this surgery may be used to treat other problems such as cholesteatoma, complications of otitis media, or used as a surgical approach for cochlear implant insertion.

Maxillectomy is a surgical procedure in which a portion of the upper jaw is removed. This can involve both sides of the face or just one side. Up to one half of the upper jaw can be removed.

Maxillectomy is most commonly undertaken for the treatment of benign or malignant tumors affecting the upper jaw.

Myringotomy is the incision and drainage (I&D) procedure for acute otitis media. In this procedure, the tympanic membrane (TM) is incised with a knife, which allows a fluid-filled middle ear to drain to the ear canal and the exterior. Depending upon the size of the hole and the method used to create it, the TM usually returns to normal within days to a few weeks.

Oesophagoscopy is a procedure wherein a thin, lighted tube is inserted through the mouth and into the oesophagus to look for abnormal areas.

Polypectomy is the surgical removal of a polyp.

Septoplasty or septal reconstruction is an operation to correct a deformity of the nasal septum.

Sub mucous diathermy is the therapeutic generation of local heat in tissues by high-frequency electromagnetic currents

Unfortunately, there may be a time when medical therapy (antibiotics) fails to resolve the chronic tonsillar infections that affect your child. In other cases, your child may have enlarged tonsils, causing loud snoring, upper airway obstruction, and other sleep disorders. The best recourse for both these conditions may be removal or reduction of the tonsils and adenoids.

Tracheostomy is the surgical construction of an opening in the trachea for the insertion of a catheter or tube to facilitate breathing.

Tympanoplasty is the surgical correction or repair of defects or injuries in the eardrum or the bones of the middle ear.

Closure of the nostrils in atrophic rhinitis is a procedure known as Young’s operation.